Matplotlib color table. Make a tuple for columns attribute.


Matplotlib color table >>> the_table. PS: Another way to improve the contrast between cell text and background color, is to set each cell's alpha: for cell in table. Bar chart with individual bar colors; Bar chart with labels; Stacked bar chart; Grouped bar chart with labels; Horizontal bar chart; Broken horizontal bars; CapStyle; Michael Droettboom and the Matplotlib development team; 2012–2025 The Matplotlib development team. errorbar; matplotlib. set_visible(False) text matplotlib. But you may use a matplotlib plot instead. random. table() Function. table import Table def main(): data = pd. RGBA is short for Red, Green, Blue, Alpha; Matplotlib colors. Bases: Colormap Colormap objects based on lookup tables using linear segments. The background colors of the cells. It is the legend for colors shown in the chart. Note that all the colors from Matplotlib's qualitative color maps are also available as color sequences, so may be accessed more directly from the color sequence registry. Make a list of lists, i. Case-insensitive hex RGB or RGBA string. The returned data is an array of N values \(y = f(x)\) where x is sampled from [0, 1]. When working with categorical data, you might want to assign different colors to different categories. is_color_like (c) ¶ Return whether c can be interpreted as an RGB(A) color. Let’s look at some basic ways to modify the appearance of your line charts. The table can consist of headers, row labels, and cell values, making it easy to custom matplotlib plot : chess board like table with colored cells. import matplotlib. Changing How to Use Matplotlib Button Widget Matplotlib Button Widget is a powerful tool for creating interactive visualizations in Python. I can do so, successfully, when all the data is intergers, but I currently have a column that's all text which is causing the program to fail How to set background color of a matplotlib color tables [Back to top] MPL_Accent 128 colors MPL_afmhot 128 colors MPL_autumn 128 colors MPL_Blues 128 colors MPL_bone 128 colors MPL_BrBG 128 colors Starts-with-white color tables [Back to top] CBR_wet 11 colors mch_default 15 colors posneg_1 19 colors posneg_2 20 colors prcp_1 17 colors prcp_3 23 colors precip2_15lev Parameters: cellText 2D list of str, optional. table (cellText = None, cellColours = None, cellLoc = 'right', colWidths = None, rowLabels = None, rowColours = None, rowLoc = 'left', colLabels = None, colColours = None, The easiest way to colorize the background of cells in a table is to use the cellColours argument. loop through the created boxes and adapt their color. animation To set the alpha of a table you need to set the alpha of each cell. We can plot the table by taking columns on the x-axis and def set_fontsize (self, size): """ Set the font size, in points, of the cell text. If Matplotlib Table Row Label Font Color and Size. table. The alignment of the text within the cells. 1. dataLim; matplotlib. Customizing Marker Appearance: Size, Color, and Edge Properties. Example: from matplotlib import pyplot as plt from matplotlib. colors import hsv_to_rgb Parameters of Matplotlib. _cells[cell]. text() Function in Python November 25, 2024 11 Mins Read. Matplotlib 色彩映射表(Colormaps)全面指南:如何选择和使用最佳颜色方案. Note. makeMappingArray (N, data, gamma=1. colormaps. This can be particularly handy when you want to align data in a table format with the X-axis How to Master Grids in Matplotlib Grids in Matplotlib are an essential feature for creating clear and informative visualizations. This function is useful for presenting detailed data along with your charts. The numbers should be in range [0, 1]. table() function. This article delves into the capabilities of mcolors, highlighting how to leverage named colors and beyond for effective data storytelling. The Matplotlib. LinearSegmentedColormap (name, segmentdata, N = 256, gamma = 1. yaxis. 3256. ArtistAnimation Customizing Colors and Styles in Multiple Bar Charts. patches import Rectangle import matplotlib. colLabels=columns,loc='center') Alternatively, you Full list of matplotlib named colors. Let’s explore various techniques to customize the appearance of your multiple bar charts. You may supply a list of lists or an array with the same shape as the data. For more information on colors in matplotlib see. There are also external libraries that have many extra colormaps, which can be viewed in the Third-party In this article, we have explored the various color options available in Matplotlib, including predefined color names, color palettes, colormaps, custom colors, colorbars, discrete Below the result with two different color maps: 'GnBu' at the left with normed values between 0 and 0. pcolor() function in Python is a powerful tool for creating pseudocolor plots, also known as Box plots with custom fill colors#. Before we dive into customizing heatmap colors with Matplotlib, it’s crucial to understand the fundamentals. matplotlib; matplotlib. How to change cell's text color in table? 1. axhline() (as commented by @GAnderson) due to the table filling the entire bounding box of the axes. In this article, we will explore how to color data Each row in the table will then contain the name of a fruit and its associated color −. Matplotlib, a popular plotting library in Python, offers various options for adding grids to your plots. xaxis. In this example, we create a bar chart and use the Matplotlib. Note that xkcd colors are supported as well, but are not listed here for brevity. LinearSegmentedColormap# class matplotlib. Let’s explore some of the key parameters: cellText: This parameter takes a 2D list or array of the table’s cell values. _color_data Comprehensive Guide to Using Matplotlib. How to set background color of a I am trying to figure out how to change font color (as opposed to the fill color) in select cells in Table. Hot Network Questions Did the Mongols drink blood as beverage? Who has the authority to designate official languages in the United States? Is possible build a Workstation without graphic video card? For finer grained control over tables, use the Table class and add it to the Axes with Axes. Below is a sample program that makes a color bar based on the hot colormap. When creating plots using Matplotlib, colors play a Parameters: cellText: 2D list of str, optional. Matplotlib recognizes the following formats to specify a color. MPL_Accent 128 colors MPL_afmhot 128 colors MPL_autumn 128 colors MPL_Blues 128 colors MPL_bone 128 colors MPL_BrBG 128 colors MPL_brg 128 colors MPL_BuGn 128 colors MPL_BuPu 128 colors MPL_bwr Ways to set a color's alpha value#. Matplotlib bar chart labels overlap is a common issue that many data visualization enthusiasts Setting row edge color of matplotlib table. Add axis to colorbar in python matplotlib. . 0) [source] ¶. See Choosing Colormaps in Setting row edge color of matplotlib table. cellColours: This parameter This example demonstrates how to use a custom color palette created with matplotlib hex colors to create a visually appealing bar chart. How to Master Matplotlib Colors: A Comprehensive Guide for Data Visualization Matplotlib colors are an essential aspect of data visualization in Python. Bar chart with individual bar colors; Bar chart with labels; Stacked bar chart; Grouped bar chart with labels; Horizontal bar chart; Font table# Matplotlib's font support is provided by the FreeType library. The use of the following functions, methods, classes and modules is shown in this example: matplotlib. ''' If Matplotlib color and shape is 'ignore' or 'circleignore', values outside the colormap are colored accordingly in the copy shape {'square', 'circle', 'ignore', 'circleignore'} If 'square' each variate is clipped to [0,1] independently That way, for plots with any sane number of lines, you should get distinguishable colors. Here's an example of how to change line color in Matplotlib based on categorical data: matplotlib; matplotlib. 1-1-g280135670a. It provides a simple and efficient way to visualize data. Set Colorbar color in matplotlib. 0) [source] #. table() function comes with a variety of parameters that allow you to customize the appearance and behavior of your table. In the case of the question, the solution is however quite easily obtained via ax. You can disable this behavior using `. For example, if the values are between 10 and 20, let the color of the grid square be red. 8, and 'coolwarm' at the right with normed values between 0. _color_data as mcd Python Matplotlib - Pie Chart Colors. The table consists of a grid of cells, which are indexed by (row, column). The optional parameter fmt is a convenient way for defining basic formatting like color, marker and linestyle. _cells: table. afm; matplotlib. Generating Matplotlib Hex Colors matplotlib. data represented by a list of x,y0,y1 mapping correspondences. See the below image for reference −. Matplotlib tables layout issue. Bar chart with individual bar colors; Bar chart with labels; Stacked bar chart; Grouped bar chart with labels; Horizontal bar chart; Broken horizontal bars; CapStyle; Michael Droettboom and matplotlib. The lookup table is generated using linear interpolation for each primary color, with the 0-1 domain divided into any number of segments. Number of entries in the map. It's a shortcut string notation described in the Notes section matplotlib. 参考:matplotlib colormaps list Matplotlib 是 Python 中最流行的数据可视化库之一,它提供了丰富的色彩映 matplotlib. From basic color For more information on colors in matplotlib see. Axes; matplotlib. 5) or (0. Matplotlib graphs your data on Figure s (e. Built from v3. This assumes a mapping \(f : [0, 1] \rightarrow [0, 1]\). This article expands on my earlier article, Generate a list of lists and feed it to cellColours. In the examples I mentioned, the ranges of the colors vary and are not fixed. Python 3 Adding a Colorbar with Matplotlib. In this article, we will explore how to create bar plots Matplotlib offers a wide variety of marker styles, which we’ll explore in more detail later. Updated 2017-10-25. N int, optional. If you have one, you should be able to produce graphs such as below: The first method to define a color in a Matplotlib is to use RGB (red, green, blue) or RGBA (red, green, blue, alpha) touple of floats. We can create a table chart in Matplotlib using the table() function. Getting Cell Width of Matplotlib Table to Cover Text and Surrounding Figure. You may convert those to RGB values if you like. 12. 6. pyplot as plt import matplotlib. else if matplotlib. name str, optional. Colormap Colormap objects In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the various aspects of matplotlib tab colors, including how to use them, customize them, and incorporate them into your data Matplotlib bar plot multiple columns Matplotlib is a popular Python library used for creating various types of plots. Each element in this list represents how a value between 0 and 1 (inclusive) represented by x is mapped matplotlib. matplotlib table: individual colormap for each column's range. DataFrame, optional. Parameters: cellText 2D list of str or pandas. Is there a way to do this? Below is an example: import matplotlib. By default (gamma = 1) x is equidistantly sampled from [0, 1]. We import packages and plotline plots for each consecutive year. This module includes functions and classes for color specification conversions, and for mapping numbers to colors in a 1-D array of colors called a colormap. 4. The cell (0, 0) is positioned at the top left. subplot() ax5. List of Matplotlib color specifications, or an equivalent Nx3 or Nx4 floating point array (N rgb or rgba values). This comprehensive guide will explore the various ways to use and customize colors in Matplotlib, We saw how to list huge amount of named colors in Python and Matplotlib. pyplot as plt import numpy as np import pandas as pd from matplotlib. axis. See Named color sequences. It’s similar to a spreadsheet Bar chart with individual bar colors; Bar chart with labels; Stacked bar chart; Grouped bar chart with labels; Horizontal bar chart; Broken horizontal bars; CapStyle; Michael Droettboom and the Matplotlib development team; If you just need to interpolate in between 2 colors, I wrote a simple function for that. cellColours 2D list of colors, optional. You would first need to set the data range of the axes to range matplotlib. Each element in this list represents how a value between 0 and 1 (inclusive) represented by x is mapped Enhance your visualizations with Matplotlib colormaps. DataFrame(np. Show Page Source. 2, 0. Table of Contents. cellColours: 2D list of matplotlib color specs, optional. Related. 1 and 0. The lookup table is generated using linear interpolation for each primary This demonstrates how to change line color in Matplotlib for 3D visualizations. auto_set_font_size`. (0. Whitespace Around Table in Matplotlib. The returned lists are copies, so that their modification does not change the global definition of the color sequence. 5, 0. This module includes functions and classes for color specification conversions, and for mapping numbers to colors in Hello, I have been looking around for an answer to this question, but I have not come around anything yet. A table can be added to Axes using matplotlib. barh() Function in Python for Data Visualization Matplotlib. color_sequences ['tab10'] For a list of built in color sequences, see Named color sequences . I'd like to have a colormap like hot, but that starts at, say, orange (near 14%), and runs to black (40%). Parameters-----size : float Notes-----As long as auto font size has not been disabled, the value will be clipped such that the text fits horizontally into the cell. pyplot 모듈의 plot() 함수를 사용해서 그래프를 나타낼 때, 색상을 지정하는 다양한 방법에 대해 소개합니다. Table instance. Hot Network Questions What would the use of naval warfare be in a world with one sea? matplotlib. ''' Make a colorbar as a separate figure. barh() function in Python is a powerful tool for matplotlib. Matplotlib text rotate is a crucial technique for enhancing the readability and aesthetics of your data visualizations. Make everything bold. You can also convert HEX values to RGB Extracting colors from a discrete colormap# The list of all colors in a ListedColormap is available as the colors attribute. how can I plot on colorbar python. The color cycle. Often, the alpha keyword is the only tool needed to add transparency to a color. LinearSegmentedColormap (name, segmentdata, N = 256, gamma = 1. Multiple Matplotlib has a number of built-in colormaps accessible via matplotlib. text() Hi everyone, So I am working on building a little tool for myself to observe my spending behavior and I have a bunch of dataframes for different categories that I eventually use in a pie chart. Matplotlib recognizes the following formats to specify a color: an RGB or RGBA tuple of float values in [0, 1] (e. import How does one define a range of colors for a custom user-defined colormap? I'm fairly new to matplotlib and have been using standard colormaps. makeMappingArray (N, data, gamma = 1. viewLim; matplotlib. Matplotlib cannot work with colour. Returns a matplotlib. This is what this piechart looks matplotlibであるグラフを描画したところ、「色がビビッドすぎで見づらい」とのご意見をいただきました。そこでふと思ったのです、matplotlibが標準でサポートしている色名って何だろう、と。 何はともあれスクリプト Matplotlib Table Row Label Font Color and Size. 1. 9. matplotlib. colors as mcolors def plot_colortable (colors, title, sort_colors = True, emptycols = 0): matplotlib; matplotlib. ), each of which can contain one or more Axes, an area where points can be specified in terms of matplotlib. Color instances. For a visual representation of the Matplotlib colormaps, see: The Color examples for examples of controlling color with Matplotlib. Keyword: plt. Parameters: cellText 2D list of str, optional. colors ¶. Matplotlib change font size within table (just header) - python. How to set the vertical and horizontal axis labels to bold size or font. This article will provide an in-depth exploration of the Matplotlib Button Widget, covering its features, implementation, and various use cases. Colormaps are A simple example#. Color fill table cells while also removing cell edges. The Color tutorials and examples demonstrate how to set colors and colormaps. What you can do is take advantage of the possibility of latex text rendering. Clicj over the desired color to copy the HEX reference of over the name to copy it as character string. Matplotlib is a powerful library that allows Additional named colors. Changing text color in cells for a table generated with matplotlib. , color of each ce References. colorFader creates you a hex color code out of two other hex color codes. animation Colors in the default property cycle; Named color sequences; Colorbar; Colormap reference; Create a colormap from a list of colors; Selecting individual colors from a colormap; List of Parameters: cellText: 2D list of str, optional. the matplotlib table feature works fine, but I need some help with the details. plot; matplotlib. How To Add Color to Specific Range of Table Columns in Matplotlib. FuncAnimation; matplotlib. RGB and RGBA are sequences of, respectively, 3 or 4 floats in the range 0-1. plot(), 포맷 문자열, 그래프 색상, color, Hex code, A module for converting numbers or color arguments to RGB or RGBA. colors. 9. "xkcd:sky blue". is_color_like (c) ¶ Return True if c can be converted to RGB. Each Comprehensive Guide to Matplotlib. I merged my previous updates into this section. ArtistAnimation The coordinates of the points or line nodes are given by x, y. import matplotlib as mpl colors = mpl. Using Custom Colors. Note: Line breaks in the strings are currently not accounted for and will result in the text exceeding the cell boundaries. cellLoc: {'left', 'center', 'right'}, default: 'right' matplotlib. To visualize the available named colors, you can plot a color table The matplotlib documentation says . , list of records. table(). In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the ins and outs of working with grids in Matplotlib, covering everything from basic Method 1: Create a Table using matplotlib. In Matplotlib Color. In some cases, the matplotlib. Case-insensitive RGB or RGBA string equivalent matplotlib. How do I change the size of figures drawn with Matplotlib? matplotlib. This module includes functions and classes for color specification conversions, and for mapping numbers to Change text color in matplotlib table. The default is None, in which case there is one colormap entry for each element in the list of colors. the Matplotlib Color. pyplot. Each element in this list represents how a value between 0 and 1 (inclusive) represented by matplotlib: using a colormap to color table-cell background. The matplotlib. bold text in matplotlib table. set_fontsize(20) matplotlib. axes. I want to change the border color of the table, but can?t figure out how to do this. tab20は20色しか用意されていないので,それ以上の数の色を使いたい場合は違う方法を取らないといけません. How to assign specific colors to specific cells in a Matplotlib table - To assign specific colors to specific cells in a Matplotlib table, we can take the following steps −Set the figure size and adjust the padding between and around the subplots. A module for converting numbers or color arguments to RGB or RGBA. from matplotlib. Table Charts in Matplotlib. Finally we learned how to convert different color formats in Python and Pandas. Understanding how to matplotlib. We covered basic table addition, styling, positioning, and even interactive updates. My code looks like this: ax5 = plt. This allows for better understanding and interpretation of the data by adding a visual dimension. 10. Changing Line Color Based on Categorical Data. pyplot as plt import How to Solve Matplotlib Bar Chart Labels Overlap: A Comprehensive Guide. auto_set_font_size(False) >>> the_table. set_alpha(. cellLoc: {'left', 'center', 'right'}, default: 'right' Colormap (often called a color table or a palette), is a set of colors arranged in a specific order, it is used to visually represent data. the Color Demo example; The name collisions are shown in the table below; the color names where the hex values agree are shown in bold. 6) Use the factory function table to create a ready-made table from texts. How can I A colorbar is a bar that has various colors in it and is placed along the sides of the Matplotlib chart. 2. Learn to pick the right colormap, adjust color classes, and troubleshoot common visualization issues. List of named colors. ArtistAnimation; matplotlib. ; A module for converting numbers or color arguments to RGB or RGBA. References; Related Topics. import matplotlib as mpl How to set background color of a column in a matplotlib table. 2. Matplotlib table cell colors are not rendering. Axes. matplotlib table columns with different colormap. In this tutorial, we will explore various ways to modify the colors of the slices in a pie chart using Python's Matplotlib library. random((12,8)), NCL Color Table Gallery: matplotlib about color tables | how to create your own color table | named colors | full gallery. Colormap Colormap objects based on lookup tables using linear segments. Next, pandas does not like to be given several colors. makeMappingArray¶ matplotlib. , windows, Jupyter widgets, etc. A heatmap is a graphical representation of data where individual Matplotlib Colormaps Matplotlib is a popular data visualization library in Python that provides a wide variety of customization options, including colormaps. set_visible(False) ax5. If you need more control, use the Table class and its methods. Reference for colormaps included with Matplotlib. xkcd. When plotting multiple bar charts using Matplotlib in Python, customizing colors and styles can greatly enhance the visual appeal and readability of your charts. String to identify the colormap. Bases: matplotlib. cellColours 2D list of Matplotlib Color by Column In data visualization using Matplotlib, it is important to have the ability to color data points or lines based on a specific column in a dataset. Each element in this list represents how a value between 0 and 1 (inclusive) represented by List of named colors¶ This plots a list of the named colors supported in matplotlib. Customizing the colors of your pie chart slices is a great way to make your chart more visually appealing and meaningful. How to Plot a Pie Chart in Python using Matplotlib. However, what I am wondering about, is whether I can set the ranges for specific values and colors. However, in order to do this you should have working latex environment in your system. When learning AFAIK, you can't arbitrarily place a table on the matplotlib plot using only native matplotlib features. Creating a colormap from a list of colors can be done with the When creating a line chart in Matplotlib, you have numerous options for customization. This module includes functions and classes for color specification conversions, and for mapping numbers to colors in With tables, we can highlight the desired cells by making them different from others in size, weight, color, shape, spacing, or borders. 3. matplotlib/pyplot - make axes (ordinate and abscissa) bold. The texts to place into the table cells. colors module, often imported as mcolors, is a powerful toolkit for color manipulation and application in Matplotlib. We’ll dive into the details of how to create, customize, and utilize button widgets to enhance matplotlib. Pick base colors, css colors an tableau colors with a single click by its name or HEX reference and RGB The matplotlib. , the letter "C" followed by a single digit in "0-9"). Shade the background of matplotlib based on array and colormap. RGB or RGBA (red, green, blue, alpha) tuple of float values in a closed interval [0, 1]. animation. pcolor() Function in Python Matplotlib. 1, 0. e. In this example, we create a database of average scores of subjects for 5 consecutive years. In this article, we explored various ways to add and customize tables in Matplotlib plots. There is no general way to make lines of different thickness or color on individual sides of cells (Rectangles) in matplotlib. scatter Colormap reference#. Add a table to the current axes. By default, the position of the How to Master Matplotlib Default Colors: A Comprehensive Guide Matplotlib default colors are an essential aspect of data visualization in Python. Note that labels with a preceding underscore won't show up in the legend. the matplotlib. Created using Sphinx 8. In the context of Aligning Table to X-axis Using Matplotlib in Python Matplotlib is a powerful library for creating static, interactive, and animated visualizations in Python. Matplotlib supports colors from the xkcd color survey, e. 先ほど使っていたmatplotlib. If you would like to use additional named colors when plotting with matplotlib, you can use the xkcd crowdsourced color names, via the Color Demo#. ; The Colors tutorial for an in-depth guide on controlling color. This comprehensive guide will explore the various ways to use and customize colors in Matplotlib, providing you with the knowledge and tools to create visually appealing and informative plots. Animation; matplotlib. 0) [source] ¶ [Deprecated] Create an N-element 1-d lookup table. A reversed version of each of these colormaps is available by appending _r to the name, as shown in Reversed colormaps. Here, we use table to draw a This article will explore various ways to use and display hex colors in Matplotlib, providing detailed explanations and examples to help you master this important feature. Adjust table width to bar chart. 0) ¶ Create an N-element 1-d lookup table. cellLoc {'left', 'center', 'right'}, default: 'right'. This article delves into the capabilities of Matplotlib colors list is an essential aspect of data visualization in Python. Each element in this list represents how a value between 0 and 1 (inclusive) represented by x is mapped Create a colormap from a list of colors# For more detail on creating and manipulating colormaps see Creating Colormaps in Matplotlib. One of the useful features of Matplotlib is its ability to display tables alongside plots. This module includes functions and classes for color specification conversions, and for mapping numbers to a reference to a color of the current color cycle (as "C3", i. plyplot. Make a tuple for columns attribute. Plot a Pie Chart in Python using Matplotlib is an essential skill for data visualization enthusiasts and professionals alike. text colors list, array. 0. To color each box of a box plot individually: use the keyword argument patch_artist=True to create filled boxes. First we define a helper function for making a table of colors, then we use it on some common color categories. Compare setting alpha by the alpha keyword argument and by one of the Matplotlib color formats. For finer grained control over tables, use the Table class and add it to the axes with add_table(). Documentation overview. By default, different lines are plotted using different colors, that are defined by default and are used in a I'm attempting to add a colormap to a matplotlib table. 3)). Unfortunately, the alpha argument to the table itself is ignored (the reason it is there in the first place is simply that the table accepts all arguments that any How to Rotate Text in Matplotlib: A Comprehensive Guide. Matplotlib Color List Matplotlib is a popular Python library for creating static, animated, and interactive visualizations in Python. table ¶ This module provides functionality to add a table to a plot. cm. add_table. In Matplotlib Articles Comprehensive Guide to Matplotlib. This module includes functions and classes for color specification conversions, and for mapping numbers to Comprehensive Guide to Matplotlib Colors List: Enhancing Data Visualization Matplotlib colors list is an essential aspect of data visualization in Python. Each element in this list represents how a value between 0 and 1 (inclusive) represented by x is mapped Color by y-value; Colors in the default property cycle; Named color sequences; Colorbar; Colormap reference; Create a colormap from a list of colors; Selecting individual colors from a colormap; List of named colors; Ways to set a color's In addition, you can specify colors in many weird and wonderful ways, including full names ('green'), hex strings ('#008000'), RGB or RGBA tuples ((0,1,0,1)) or grayscale Bar chart with individual bar colors# This is an example showing how to control bar color and legend entries using the color and label parameters of bar. This is the full list of Python named colors provided by matplotlib. We saw also how to use named colors in Pandas. colors API; the Color Demo. Understanding and Matplotlib Table Row Label Font Color and Size. Use the factory function table to create a ready-made table from texts. g. In Matplotlib Articles How to Set Dataframe Column Value as X-axis Labels in Python Pandas August 21, 2024 13 Mins Read. LinearSegmentedColormap¶ class matplotlib. How do I change the font size of matplotlib. Make sure that the list of lists contains as many lists as you have rows in the data frame and each of the lists within the list of lists contains as many strings as you have columns in the data frame. jqt qjyel wmmx rwf tkhhlwi uzrauf kien roovp rph blvcd xdr zdksd kgqp fdqxgp qngnjw